Syringe pump

Syringe pump is a medical device used to deliver very small amount of drugs or other medicinal fluids and gradually transfer precise volumes of fluid to the patient. The stepper motor turns in the opposite direction, then the pusher block moves and the syringe plunger is pulled, thus the fluid draws into the syringe. 

Functions of syringe pump

Syringe pump is derived from the actual application of infusion pump. Both are same, but gradually differ from holding the syringe. Syringe pump can accommodate with multiple syringes. It can operate at very small volumetric flows ( micro and nano). It provides very high accuracy and no pulse flow. The fact of the syringe pump lies in that the user can effortlessly adjust the working range of the device by altering the position of the syringe. Generally, in the syringe pump smaller syringe allows better control at lower flow rates and they are smaller in dispensable volumes. Otherwise, a larger size syringe allows control at larger volumes however reduces the performance of the device at low flow rates. It is important to remember that the elasticity in the pump allows a smoother flow rate and increase its stability, but reduces its responsiveness. Hence, it obtain the best elasticity in the fluid work must be prevented and the fluid resistance of the chip should be reduced.

Types of Syringe pump

      

1.Medical Syringe pump

                 

              The medical syringe pump is a device that delivers a controlled amount of fluid (such as nutrients, blood and drugs) to a patient. They are suitable for in diagnosis, treatment and research. To monitor the accurate rate and safe use of the medical syringe pump, it has a wide range of optical and alarms to prevent injury or it may even cause death from air bubbles and other hazards.

  2.Research Syringe Pump:

                 These syringe pump are used in research laboratories that requires very small fluid delivery devices. Research syringe pumps are smaller in volumes and provide additional features that are beneficial for research but are impractical for other use.

Parts in syringe pump

• Syringe holder

• Plunger

• LCD screen

• Battery

• Power supply

Syringe holder

Syringe holder helps to hold the syringe in its place during the operation of device.

Plunger

Plunger that initiates the flow of the syringe when the motor drives it’s plate.

LCD screen

 Syringe pump has LCD screen that allows easy programming of flow rate and volumes.

Battery 

Lithium-ion smart battery which remains battery life and battery is rechargeable. Battery status available on the display. It is 6v , 2.2Ah and it has minimum 10hrs capacity .

Power supply

         

It is 100-240V and 60HZ with functional earth. The power supply has SMPS (Switch mode power supply) . It is a high frequency power conversion device and it helps in converting level of voltage to voltage or current required for the function

Troubles in Syringe pump

•  Occlusion Alarm
• Disengagement Alarm
•  Keypad Alarm
•  Force sensor Alarm
• Battery charge and temperature

Troubleshooting

1. Occlusion Alarm

•               If occlusion alarm occurs after the device has been turned ON, it’s because of wrong calibration of the force sensor or force sensor problem. Recalibrate and check the force sensor.
•      If Occlusion alarm occurs during the infusion it’s because of the pressure limit is too low, wrong calibration of force sensor. Set the pressure limit at high or recalibrate and check the force sensor.

2. Disengagement Alarm:

•  Disengagement switch is defective.
• Replace the disengagement switch and check the connection  of the functionality of the cable.

3. Keypad Alarm

          If Keypad error or some function of the keys in the keypad is not working then keypad is defective. Check and replace the new keypad. 

4. Force sensor Alarm

     When force sensor is damaged or defective we Should change the force sensor or either should be pump is condemned.

5. Battery charge and temperature

              

 If battery charge or temperature error occurs Check the battery charging voltage and status. Replace the battery or replace the power supply.

Advantage

• Syringe pump are comfortable to use and fast

• Syringe pump has high pressure it helps in setting target pressure or control at constant pressure in experiment

• Syringe pump helps to maintain at high accuracy and accurate speed.

Disadvantage

• Limits that updated in the syringe pump may various from volume of the syringe from dispensing fluid volume.

• The flow rate during the Infusion period cannot be known without flow sensor.

Article prepared by 

Er. Pradeep V

https://www.linkedin.com/in/pradeep-v-2b4bbb217

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

The study of functioning of organs and organ systems is called human physiology. It is the science of studying human mechanical, physical and biochemical functions, and is the basis of modern medicine. As a discipline, it connects science, medicine, and health, and creates a framework to understand how the human body adapts to stress, physical activity, and disease. The term human physiology is derived from the Greek word (physics=nature ; logia=study). 

The human physiology

Various types of evolutionary organs and their well-coordinated functions make the phenomena of life possible. The heart’s role as an emotion-controlled pumping organ is surprising. The oxygen binding and dissociation ability of blood pigments, the cascading effect of a very small amount of hormones at the molecular boundary, the nerve conduction process, the brain’s analytical and memory capabilities, and the general visual perception of the eyes are all natural processes towards the simple life. 

The complex and genetically oriented mechanism for the production and reproduction of sex cells to simplify the process of sexual reproduction is amazing. Reproductive strategies are geared towards high-precision and purpose-oriented social, environmental and futuristic motives.

Physiology tests how the organs and systems in the body work, how they communicate, and how they work together to create favourable conditions for survival.

BRANCHES

Cell physiology

Cell physiology is the study of biology, which involves all normal functions that occur in an organism. In the context of human physiology, the term cell physiology is generally particularly applicable to the physiology of membrane transport, neuronal transmission, and (less frequently) muscle contraction. Generally speaking, these include the digestion of food, blood circulation, and muscle contraction. 

Defense physiology

Changes in response to potential threats, such as preparing for a fight or flight response. When the body performs a “fight or flight” response or a stress response, the nervous system activates, coordinates, and directs specific changes in bodily functions (physiology) and is ready to meet threats.

Evolutionary physiology

Evolutionary physiology

Evolutionary physiology is the study of biological evolution in the physiological structure and process; that is to say, in the historical process of the population, the way in which the functional characteristics of the individuals in the organism population respond to natural selection.  It is a branch of evolutionary biology and physiology. Professionals in this field come from a variety of backgrounds, including physiology, evolutionary biology, ecology, and genetics.

Exercise physiology

Exercise physiology

As its name suggests, it is a study of the physiology of physical exercise. This includes studies on bioenergetics, biochemistry, cardiopulmonary function, biomechanics, hematology, skeletal muscle physiology, neuroendocrine function, and nervous system function.

Systems physiology

System physiology is a comprehensive discipline. It combines experiments, calculations, and theoretical research to promote our understanding of the physiology of humans and other organisms. In other words, systems physiology is systems biology with a point of view focused on physiology (that is, function).

        INFERTILITY

• Infertility is the state of not able to get pregnant after at least one year of intercourse. 
• Even though a woman who can get pregnant but if she has repeated miscarriages is also said to be infertile. 
• In only One-third of infertility cases is due to female factors. 
• In another one-third of infertility cases is due to male factors. 
• The remaining infertility cases are caused by unknown factors or a mixture of male and feminine factors.  
  
  
  

Causes of male infertility

  The two main factors that cause male infertility are

1. Impaired production or function of sperm
2. Impaired delivery of sperm

Impaired production/impaired function of sperm

• Impaired shape of sperm. 
• STD infections. 
• Impaired movement of sperm. 
• Low sperm concentration. 
• Oligospermia is the term used when there is less number of sperms in the ejaculate of the male or less than 20 million sperm per milliliter. 
• Azoospermia is that the complete absence of sperm within the ejaculate. 
• Undescended testicle - Cryptorchidism. 
• Testosterone deficiency-male hypogonadism. 
• Genetic defects- Klinefelter's syndrome. 
• Varicocele. 

Causes of female infertility

• Thyroid . 
• Medications. 
• Benign uterine fibroids. 
• Pelvic adhesions. 
• Early menopause/premature ovarian failure. 
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) produces too much androgen hormone, which affects ovulation. 
• Ovulation disorders. 
• Hyperprolactinemia /elevated prolactin. 
• Fallopian tube damage or blockage. 
• Endometriosis. In endometriosis, the uterine tissue implants and grows outside of the uterus. 

Environmental exposure

• Pesticides and other chemicals. 
• Tobacco smoking. 
• Overheating the testicles. 
• Reduction of the number and quality of sperm is caused by the usage of cocaine or marijuana. 

 ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE

•  Now a days the practice of medicine is dependent upon technology i.e, clinicians using varieties of technology in diagnosing, treating and assessing the care to the patients.

• Recently, the developments in medical devices & equipment , information technology and biotechnology are playing an vital role in diagnosis and treatment of various healthcare issues.

• Technologies like advanced monitoring systems , comfortable scanning equipment and non-invasive surgeries are helping the patients to spend less time in the hospitals.

• Integration of telehealth and medical equipment technology eliminates the stress of health-related travel .

• Stunning images of vital organs are produced by CT, MRI and ultra sound machines.

• Tumors are destroyed by teletherapy machines using invisible rays.

• cochlear implant may restore hearing for deaf.

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY & WHAT THE BIOLOGISTS STUDY?

Acarology: Study of mites and ticks.

Agroecology: Study of sustainable agriculture and its ecological impact.

Algology: Study of algae.

Allergology: Study of allergies and allergic reactions.

Anatomy: Study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

Angiology: Study of blood vessels and lymphatic system.

Aquatic Biology: Study of aquatic ecosystems and their inhabitants.

Astrobiology: Study of the potential for life in outer space.

Behavioral Ecology: Study of animal behavior and its ecological significance.

Bioacoustics: Study of the sounds produced by living organisms and their communication.

Biochemistry: Investigation of the chemical processes within living organisms.

Bioethics: Exploration of ethical issues related to biology, genetics, and medical research.

Bioinformatics: Application of computational techniques to biological data analysis and modeling.

Biogeography: Study of the distribution of species and ecosystems across geographic space.

Biogeophysics: Study of the interactions between living organisms and Earth's physical processes.

Biomathematics: Application of mathematical models to biological phenomena.

Biomechanics: Study of the mechanical aspects of living organisms.

Bioacoustics: Study of the sounds produced by living organisms and their communication.

Bionics: Application of biological principles to design and engineering.

Biomedical Engineering: Application of engineering principles to solve medical and healthcare problems.

Bioprocess Engineering: Application of engineering principles to biological processes.

Biopsychology: Study of the biological basis of behavior and mental processes.

Biosafety: Ensuring safe handling of biological materials and organisms.

Biotransformation: Study of the conversion of chemicals in living organisms.

Cancer Biology: Study of the biology of cancer cells, tumor growth, and metastasis.

Cardiology: Study of the heart and cardiovascular system.

Chiropterology: Study of bats and their behavior.

Chronobiology: Study of biological rhythms and their synchronization with natural cycles.

Conservation Biology: Study of the preservation and restoration of biodiversity.

Conservation Genetics: Study of genetic diversity and conservation of endangered species.

Cybernetics: Study of systems, control, and communication in living organisms.

Cytogenetics: Study of the structure and function of chromosomes.

Cytology: Study of cells, their structure, function, and behavior.

Deep Ecology: Philosophical and ecological movement advocating for a deep connection between humans and nature.

Dendrochronology: Study of tree rings to understand environmental history.

Dendrology: Study of trees and woody plants.

Developmental Biology: Study of the process of growth and development.

Developmental Genetics: Study of the genetic mechanisms that control the development of organisms.

Drosophilology: Study of fruit flies.

Ecology: Study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

Ecophysiology: Study of the physiological adaptations of organisms to their environments.

Endocrinology: Study of hormones and their effects on organisms.

Environmental Biology: Study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment.

Epigenetics: Study of heritable changes in gene expression.

Ethnobiology: Study of the interactions between cultures and their local biological resources.

Ethology: Study of animal behavior.

Evo-Devo (Evolutionary Developmental Biology): Study of the genetic basis of evolutionary changes in development.

Evolutionary Biology: Study of the origin and changes in species over time.

Evolutionary Ecology: Study of how ecological interactions influence evolutionary processes.

Evolutionary Genetics: Study of the genetic changes that drive evolutionary processes.

Evolutionary Psychology: Study of how evolution influences human behavior and cognition.

Exobiology: Study of life in environments beyond Earth.

Extraterrestrial Biology: Study of life in environments beyond Earth.

Forest Ecology: Study of forest ecosystems and their dynamics.

Functional Morphology: Study of the relationship between an organism's structure and its function.

Genetics: Study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation.

Genomics: Study of the complete set of genes in an organism.

Geobiology: Study of interactions between the biosphere and Earth's geology.

Hematology: Study of blood and blood-forming tissues.

Helminthology: Study of parasitic worms.

Hepatology: Study of the liver and its diseases.

Histology: Study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

Histopathology: Study of changes in tissues caused by diseases.

Holistic Medicine: Approach to healthcare that considers the whole person and their environment.

Hormonal Biology: Study of hormonal systems and their effects on organisms.

Horticulture: Study of garden plants and cultivation techniques.

Hydrobiology: Study of aquatic organisms and their interactions.

Hydroponics: Study of growing plants without soil, using nutrient-rich water solutions.

Ichthyology: Study of fish, their biology, and conservation.

Immunology: Study of the immune system and its response to pathogens.

Immunogenetics: Study of the genetic basis of the immune response.

Industrial Microbiology: Application of microorganisms in industrial processes.

Limnology: Study of freshwater ecosystems.

Lepidopterology: Study of butterflies and moths.

Malacology: Study of mollusks.

Marine Biology: Study of marine organisms and ecosystems.

Mechanobiology: Study of how mechanical forces influence biological processes.

Microbial Ecology: Study of microorganisms and their interactions with their environment.

Microbiology: Study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Molecular Biology: Study of biological molecules and their interactions.

Molecular Ecology: Study of ecological processes at the molecular level.

Molecular Genetics: Study of the structure and function of genes at the molecular level.

Mycology: Study of fungi.

Neurobiology: Study of the nervous system, its structure, function, and disorders.

Neuroendocrinology: Study of the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems.

Neuropsychology: Study of the relationship between the brain and behavior.

Opthalmology: Study of the eye and vision.

Ornamental Horticulture: Study of decorative plants and landscapes.

Ornithology: Study of birds.

Paleontology: Study of ancient life through fossils.

Palynology: Study of pollen and spores.

Parasitology: Study of parasites and their relationships with hosts.

Pathology: Study of diseases and their causes.

Pharmacology: Study of drugs and their effects on living organisms.

Phenomics: Study of an organism's observable traits and characteristics.

Phycology: Study of algae, including their taxonomy, physiology, and ecology.

Physiological Ecology: Study of how organisms' physiology is influenced by their environment.

Plant Biology (Botany): Study of plants.

Plant Pathology: Study of plant diseases and their causes.

Population Biology: Study of populations of organisms and their dynamics.

Primatology: Study of primates.

Proteomics: Study of the complete set of proteins produced by an organism.

Radiation Biology: Study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms.

Radiobiology: Study of the effects of radiation on living organisms.

Reproductive Biology: Study of reproductive processes and strategies in organisms.

Soil Biology: Study of the interactions between living organisms and soil.

Sociobiology: Study of social behavior in animals, including humans.

Structural Biology: Study of the three-dimensional structures of biological molecules.

Symbiology: Study of symbiotic relationships between different organisms.

Synthetic Biology: Design and creation of new biological systems and organisms.

Systematics (Taxonomy): Study of classifying and naming organisms.

Theoretical Biology: Development of mathematical models and theoretical frameworks to understand biological processes.

Virology: Study of viruses and their interactions with host organisms.

Wildlife Biology: Study of wildlife and their habitats.

This comprehensive list represents the vast expanse of biological knowledge, from understanding the intricacies of cells and organisms to unraveling the mysteries of ecosystems and human health. Each specialized field contributes to our broader understanding of life on Earth and beyond.